Ecology: Who decides global challenges of the future? Ecology-word that 15 years ago few people knew. Today, the word on everyone lips. But perhaps few who know the true meaning of the word. The word "ecology" is the concept of two parts: "oykos" in-house translation, and "LOGOS" science. So ecology is the science of the "house" in which we all live, that is on our planet. The term was first proposed German biologist E. Gekkel in 1866. In Labour "overall morphology of organisms, he gave a definition of the Science: Ecology is the amount of knowledge that belongs to the economy of nature-examination of the totality of the relationship animals and the environment, such as organic or inorganic, and above all its friendly or hostile relations. At the end of 80-s the nineteenth century ecology emerged as a distinct discipline biological and remained until 1950-s the twentieth century. The most eminent ecologists of the period belonged to foreign scientists such as G. Berdon- Sanderson, W. Elton and Tensley (England), S. Forbes and B. Shelford (USA), as well as domestic - D. N., V. Vernadsky , Vladimir Lenin. Among the prominent environmentalists more recent times include Yu Oduma, D. Meadows, R. Even, M. Budyko, S. Schwartz, J. Israel, K. Kondratiev. Methods Research modern ecology very diverse. This new physical, chemical, biophysical, bioindikatsionnye, biochemical, radiobiological, weather and cyber techniques, ground, air and space ekomonitoringi, modern computers with their capacity analysis, taxonomy, ecosystems modeling, prediction. The main objectives of future environmental studies, most scholars believe the decision of problems: global conversion conscience of humanity, a whole new moral basis, the total life change the paradigm, to turn mankind into a unified biosocial organism with a collective intelligence and extremely high system information; Population; Greenhouse effect; Acid rain and the ozone hole; full recycling industry; the environmentally "clean" energy; dehimizatsii agriculture; cleaner transport; demilitarization; resource conservation and reclamation lithosphere; a consensus of global human relationship with nature.